Perfil dos pacientes operados por adenoma hepático em serviço de cirurgia hepatobiliar do Rio Grande do Sul / Profile of patients who underwent operation for liver adenoma in an hepatobiliary surgery service in Rio Grande do Sul

Introdução: O trabalho objetiva avaliar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes operados por adenoma hepático e os fatores de influência nas diferentes apresentações clínicas. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo com 21 pacientes operados por adenoma hepático. Dados de prontuário e laudos anatomopatológicos foram revisados a fim de estudar a relação entre perfil dos pacientes, apresentação clínica e características do tumor. Resultados: Sexo feminino foi predominante na amostra. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 32 anos e o IMC médio 25,9. Uso de anticoncepcional oral foi relatado em 93% dos casos, sendo 13 anos o tempo médio de uso. A presença de comorbidades teve associação com adenomas de maior tamanho, e diabetes mellitus foi doença mais frequente associada a este tumor. Houve associação clínica entre tamanho do adenoma e sintomatologia: pacientes com sinais e sintomas mais pronunciados apresentaram lesões de tamanho médio superior em comparação aos pacientes com sintomas inespecíficos ou ausentes. Conclusão: Os fatores já conhecidos associados ao Adenoma Hepático envolvem o sexo feminino, uso de contraceptivo oral de longa data, doenças do armazenamento do glicogênio, uso de anabolizantes e, menos comumente, gestação e diabetes mellitus. Neste trabalho evidenciamos o diabetes mellitus como a comorbidade mais frequente entre os pacientes com diagnóstico de Adenoma Hepático, relacionando-se a adenomas de maior tamanho na amostra deste estudo, o que sugere possível associação do diabetes mellitus na gênese dos adenomas hepáticos e também no prognóstico, visto que lesões maiores representam risco aumentado de complicações.

Introduction: This work aims to evaluate the epidemiological profile of patients who underwent surgery for liver adenoma and the factors that could influence different clinical presentations. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study with 21 patients with liver adenoma who underwent surgery. Medical records and pathological reports were reviewed to study the connection between patients' profile, clinical presentation, and features of the tumor. Results: Female sex predominated in the sample. The mean age of patients was 32 years and the mean BMI was 25.9. The use of oral contraceptives was reported in 93% of the cases, with an average usage time of 13 years. The presence of comorbidities was associated with larger adenomas, and diabetes mellitus was the most frequent comorbidity co-existing with this tumor. Clinical association between the size of adenomas and symptoms was identified: patients with more pronounced signs and symptoms had larger lesions compared with patients with nonspecific or absent symptoms. Conclusion: The known factors associated with Hepatic Adenoma involve female sex, long-term use of oral contraceptives, glycogen storage diseases, use of anabolic steroids, and, less commonly, pregnancy and diabetes mellitus. In this study, we highlight diabetes mellitus as the most frequent comorbidity among patients diagnosed with Hepatic Adenoma, relating to larger adenomas in this study sample, which suggests a possible association of diabetes mellitus in the genesis of liver adenomas and in the prognosis, since larger lesions represent an increased risk of complications.

Malignant Transformation of Inflammatory Hepatocellular Adenoma into Hepatocellular Carcinoma / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Resección de quiste de colédoco más hepáticoduodeno anastomosis por videolaparoscopia / Resection of the most hepaticous duodenum anastomosis by colonycopy video laparoscopy

Objetivo:Caracterizar los pacientes, resultadosquirúrgicos y de morbimortalidad de la resección de quiste de colédoco más hepaticoduodeno anastomosis por video laparoscopia en laciudad de Barranquilla -Colombia durante el periodo 2012-2018.Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo; diseñado bajo los fundamentosdel paradigma cuantitativo, el cual consta de revisión y toma de información de historias clínicas conel objetivo de caracterizar los pacientes, resultadosquirúrgicos ymorbimortalidad de la resección de quiste de colédoco más hepatoduodenoanastomosis por videolaparoscopia en la ciudad de Barranquilla ­Colombia en periodocomprendido entre los añosde 2012-2018.Resultados: Durante la caracterización se encontró mayorprevalencia del sexo femenino, tipo de quiste de colédoco máscomún es el tipo I, el tiempo del procedimiento quirúrgico de mayor porcentaje corresponde al intervalo entre 121 ­180 minutos, el inicio de la vía oral de mayor porcentaje corresponde a las primeras 24 horas, la estancia hospitalaria de mayor porcentaje corresponde al intervalo entre 1 y 7 días.Conclusiones: La resección de quiste de colédoco más hepaticoduodeno anastomosis por víalaparoscópica es un procedimiento eficaz y seguro en el ámbitolocal; nuestra experiencia se asemeja a la descrita en la literatura; demostrándose que los resultados en cuanto a morbimortalidad, complicaciones, inicio de vía oraly estancia hospitalaria se asemejan a los descritos a nivel mundial para dicha técnica quirúrgica.

Objective:Characterize thepatients, surgical results, morbility and mortality of the choledochal cyst resection plus hepaticoduodenostomy by laparoscopyin the city of Barranquilla -Colombia during the period 2012-2018.Materials and Methods:Descriptive, retrospective study; designed under the foundations of the quantitative paradigm, which consists of reviewingand taking information from clinical histories with the objective of characterizing the patients, surgical results,mobilityand mortality of thecholedochal cystresectionplus hepatoduodenostomy by laparoscopicin the city of Barranquilla -Colombia in the period between the years of 2012-2018.Results:during the characterization, a higher prevalence of female sex was found, type of common bile duct is type I, the surgical procedure time of greater percentage corresponds to the interval between 121 -180minutes, the beginning of the oral route of greater percentage corresponds tothe first 24 hours, the hospital stay of greater percentage corresponds to the interval between 1 and 7 days.Conclusions:Resection of choledochal cyst plus hepaticoduodenostomyby laparoscopic approach is an effectiveand safe procedure in the local setting; our experience resembles that described in the literature; demonstrating that the results in terms of morbidity and mortality, complications, oral initiation and hospital stay are similar to those described worldwide for this surgical technique.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Arising in a Huge Hepatocellular Adenoma with Bone Marrow Metaplasia

Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) is the most common type of benign liver tumor, and its major complication is malignant transformation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we report a case of HCC arising in HCA with bone marrow metaplasia in a 24-year-old Korean woman who presented with abdominal discomfort. A huge liver mass was found on abdominal ultrasonography. She underwent surgical hepatic resection, and the resected specimen was entirely involved by a 20-cm-sized tumor. Histological review revealed a well differentiated HCC arising from inflammatory HCA with β-catenin nuclear positivity and bone marrow metaplasia that contained hematopoietic cells. This case was unique because malignant transformation, inflammatory type HCA, β-catenin nuclear staining, and bone marrow metaplasia were simultaneously observed. Additionally, it should be noted that a large HCA with β-catenin activation can undergo malignant transformation and should be surgically resected in a timely manner.

Mcl-1 as a potential therapeutic target for human hepatocelluar carcinoma / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related mortality in part due to its high resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. The anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 expression has been reported as a resistance factor in various types of tumors. Here, we investigated the expression of Mcl-1 in hepatoma cells and HCC tissues and its relationship with p53, and analyzed the possibility of the gene as a molecular target for HCC therapy. HCC specimens of 30 patients were examined by immunohistochemistry for Mcl-1 and p53 expression. Mcl-1 expression in hepatoma cell lines was measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The suppression of Mcl-1 by RNA interference or specific phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, was evaluated as monotherapy, and it was combined with mitomycin C (MMC) in treating hepatoma cell line HepG2. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by MTT and FACS analysis. Finally, changes of Mcl-1 or p53 expression in various hepatoma cell lines were examined after transfection with Mcl-1 siRNA, the Mcl-1 expression plasmid, or the wide-type p53 expression plasmid, respectively. Mcl-1 protein was remarkably enhanced in HCC tissues as compared with adjacent non-tumor liver tissues. In addition, Mcl-1 was prominently expressed in HepG2 and Hep3B cells, weakly in SMMC7721 cells, and not in L02 cells. P53 protein was also overexpressed in HCC tissues and there was a significant correlation between the expression of p53 and Mcl-1. Silencing Mcl-1 by RNAi or LY294002 downregulated Mcl-1 expression and led to decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis. Combination of MMC and Mcl-1 RNAi or LY294002 exhibited a significant chemosensitizing effect. The expression of p53 was not influenced by Mcl-1 siRNA in HepG2 cells or transfection with the Mcl-1 expression plasmid in L02 cells. Furthermore, the expression of Mcl-1 in Hep3B cells was also not significantly changed after transfection with the wild-type p53 expression plasmid. It is concluded that Mcl-1 is overexpressed in HCC tissues. The mechanisms by which silencing Mcl-1 sensitizes hepatoma cells towards chemotherapy may be not attributed to the upregulated expression of p53 but the dysfunction of p53 through Mcl-1/p53 interaction. Mcl-1 may be a potential target of gene therapy for HCC.

C3H/He Mice as an Incompatible Cholangiocarcinoma Model by Clonorchis sinensis, Dicyclanil and N-Nitrosodimethylamine

Clonorchis sinensis is a Group-I bio-carcinogen, associated with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The hamster is the only experimental model of C. sinensis-mediated CCA, but we oblige another animal model. The present study intended to develop a C. sinensis (Cs) mediated CCA model using C3H/He mice, co-stimulated with N-nitrosodimethyl-amine (NDMA) and dicyclanil (DC). The mice were divided into 8 groups with different combinations of Cs, NDMA, and DC. Six months later the mice were sacrificed and subjected to gross and histopathological examination. The body weights were significantly reduced among the groups treated with 2 or more agents (eg. Cs+NDMA, Cs+DC, NDMA+DC, and Cs+NDMA+DC). In contrast, liver weight percentages to body weight were increased in above groups by 4.1% to 4.7%. A Change of the spleen weight was observed only in Cs+NDMA group. Though C. sinensis infection is evident from hyperplastic changes, only 1 worm was recovered. T wo mice, 1 from Cs and the other from Cs+DC group, showed mass forming lesions; 1 (281.2 mm3) from the Cs group was a hepatocellular adenoma and the other (280.6 mm3) from the Cs+DC group was a cystic mass (peliosis). Higher prevalence of gray-white nodules was observed in Cs group (42.9%) followed by Cs+NDMA+DC group (21.4%). The mice of the Cs+NDMA+DC group showed hyper-proliferation of the bile duct with fibrotic changes. No characteristic change for CCA was recognized in any of the groups. In conclusion, C3H/He mice produce no CCA but extensive fibrosis when they are challenged by Cs, NDMA, and DC together.

Diagnosis and treatment of benign liver nodules: Brazilian Society of Hepatology (SBH) recommendations

ABSTRACT Space-occupying lessions of the liver may be cystic or solid. Ultrasonography is an extremely useful method for initial screening, and suffices for diagnosis of simple hepatic cysts. Complex cysts and solid masses require computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging for confirmation. Wide surgical excision is indicated in cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma. Clinical and epidemiological data are important, as nodules in noncirrhotic livers are more likely to be benign. Hemangiomas, the most common benign tumors, require no follow-up after diagnostic confirmation if they are small and asymptomatic. Patients with giant, symptomatic hemangiomas or compression of adjacent structures should be referred to hepatobiliary centers for potential surgery. The genetic heterogeneity of hepatocellular adenoms and their epidemiology and prognosis prompted classification of these tumors into four subtypes based on histology and immunohistochemistry. The major complications of hepatocellular adenoms are rupture with bleeding and malignant transformation. Rupture occurs in approximately 30% of cases. The main risk factors are tumors size >5 cm and inflammatory subtype. Hepatocellular adenoms may enlarge during pregnancy due to marked hormonal stimulation. As oral contraceptive pills and anabolic steroids have associated with hepatocellular adenoms growth, particularly of the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alfa subtype, these drugs should be discontinued. Focal nodular hyperplasia is the second most common benign tumor of hte liver. It is most frequent in women aged 20 to 60, and 70% to 90% of cases are asymptomatic. In the adsence of a central scar and/or other hallmarks of Focal nodular hyperplasia, with uncertainty between this diagnosis and hepatocellular adenoma, liver-specific contrast agentes are indicated.

RESUMO As lesões que ocupam espaço no fígado podem ser císticas ou sólidas. A ultrassonografia é extremamente útil como rastreamento inicial, bastando como método diagnósticos em casos de cistos simples. Em cistos complexos e em nódulos sólidos é necessária a complementação diagnóstica com tomografia computadorizada ou ressonância magnética. Em casos de cistadenoma ou cistadenocarcinoma, a ampla retirada cirúrgica está indicada. Dados clínico-epidemiológicos são importantes, já que nódulos em fígados não-cirróticos têm maiores probabilidades de serem benignos. Para os hemangiomas, tumores benignos mais frequentes, após a confirmação diagnóstica não existe necessidade de acompanhamento sistemático quando os nódulos são pequenos e assintomáticos. Hemangiomas gigantes sintomáticos ou comprimindo órgãos vizinhos devem ser encaminhados a centros de referência para avaliação de intervenção cirúrgica. A heterogeneidade genética nos adenomas hepatocelulares bem como características epidemiológicas e prognósticas motivou sua classificação em quatro subtipos, com base em achados histológicos e de imunohistoquímica. As principais complicações que ocorrem com o adenomas hepatocelulares são ruptura com hemorragia e transformação carcinomatosa. A primeira ocorre em cerca de 30% dos casos e o principal fator de risco para esta complicação são tumores maiores do que 5 cm, do subtipo hiperplasia nodular focal 1A, esses medicamentos devem ser suspensos. A hiperplasia nodular focal é o segundo tumor benigno mais frequente, mais comum nas mulheres entre 20 e 60 anos, sendo assintomáticos em 70% a 90% dos casos. Na ausência de lesão cicatricial central e/ou outros sinais sugestivos de hiperplasi nodular focal, havendo dúvida diagnóstica com adenoma hepatocelular, o uso de contraste hepatespecíficos está indicado.

Neoplasmas em suínos: 37 casos / Neoplasia in swine: 37 cases

Neoplasmas em suínos são raros. Esse trabalho descreve os neoplasmas encontrados em suínos na rotina diagnóstica de um laboratório de patologia veterinária localizado na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul. Durante um período de 49 anos, 2.266 casos de várias afecções em suínos foram encontrados, dos quais 37 (1,6%) eram neoplasmas. Em ordem decrescente de frequência, os seguintes neoplasmas foram encontrados: Linfoma (11/37), nefroblastoma (11/37), melanoma (8/37) e papiloma (2/37). Adicionalmente, um caso de cada um dos seguintes tumores foi observado: Adenoma hepatocelular, carcinoma hepatocelular, colangiocarcinoma, histiocitoma fibroso maligno e sarcoma granulocítico. O aspecto macroscópico e histológico desses tumores é descrito e a sua epidemiologia é comparada com os dados disponíveis na literatura para neoplasia suína.

Neoplasms in swine are rare. This paper describes neoplasms found in swine in the diagnostic routine of a veterinary pathology laboratory in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil during a 49-year period, during which 2,266 cases of the various affections in swine were diagnosed. Of those 37 cases (1.6%) were neoplasms. In decreasing order of prevalence, the following neoplasms were found: lymphoma (11 out of 37 cases), nephroblastoma (11/37), melanoma (8/37), and papilloma (2/37). Adenoma hepatocelular, carcinoma hepatocelular, cholangiocarcinoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, granulocytic sarcoma were each found in one case out of the 37 cases. The gross and histological aspects of these tumors are described and their epidemiology is compared with the data available in the literature for neoplasia in swine.

Hepatocellular adenoma with malignant transformation in male patients with non-cirrhotic livers / 癌症

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs), with a risk of malignant transformation into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), classically develop in young women who are taking oral contraceptives. It is now clear that HCAs may also occur in men. However, it is rarely reported that HCAs with malignant transformation occur in male patients with non-cirrhotic livers. This study aimed to characterize the malignancy of HCAs occurring in male patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All patients with HCAs with malignant transformation who underwent hepatectomy at the Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2011 were enrolled in the study. The clinical characteristics as well as radiologic and pathologic data were reviewed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HCAs with malignant transformation were observed in 5 male patients with non-cirrhotic livers, but not in female patients. The alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were higher in patients with HCAs with malignant transformation than in patients with HCAs without malignant transformation. The diameters of the tumors with malignant transformation were larger than 5 cm in 3 cases and smaller than 5 cm in 2 cases. The 5 patients were all alive without recurrence by the end of the study period. The disease-free survival times of the 5 patients were 26, 48, 69, 69, and 92 months.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our results indicate that resection would be advised even if the presumptive diagnosis is adenoma smaller than 5 cm in diameter, especially in male patients.</p>

Inflammatory Hepatic Adenoma / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Atypical beta-Catenin Activated Child Hepatocellular Tumor / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Hepatocellular adenomas are a benign, focal, hepatic neoplasm that have been divided into four subtypes according to the genetic and pathological features. The beta-catenin activated subtype accounts for 10-15% of all hepatocellular adenomas and specific magnetic resonance imaging features have been defined for different hepatocellular adenomas subtypes. The current study aimed to report the magnetic resonance imaging features of a well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma that developed on the basis of beta-catenin activated hepatocellular adenomas in a child. In this case, atypical diffuse steatosis was determined in the lesion. In the literature, diffuse steatosis, which is defined as a feature of the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha-inactivated hepatocellular adenomas subtype, has not been previously reported in any beta-catenin activated hepatocellular adenomas case. Interlacing magnetic resonance imaging findings between subtypes show that there are still many mysteries about this topic and larger studies are warranted.

Loss of Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinomas is Associated with a Decreased Recurrence-Free Survival

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Loss of liver fatty acid binding protein (LFABP) expression by immunohis-tochemistry is a useful marker for the identification of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF1alpha)-inactivated hepatocellular adenomas; however, the expression status of LFABP in hepatocel-lular carcinomas (HCCs) is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the expression status of LFABP in HCCs and examine the clinicopathological characteristics of LFABP-negative HCCs. METHODS: Immunohistochemical stains LFABP, K19 (mouse monoclonal, Dako, Glostrup, Den-mark) and EpCAM (mouse monoclonal, Calbiochem, Darmstadt, Germany) were performed on tissue microarray sections from 188 surgically resected HCCs, and the association between LFABP expression status and the clinicopathological features, survival and "stemness"-related marker expression status were analyzed. RESULTS: Loss of LFABP expression was noted in 30 (16%) out of 188 HCCs. LFABP-negative HCCs were associated with a decreased recurrence-free survival (LFABP-negative: 17.0 +/- 4.84 months [95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.5-26.5 months] versus LFABP-positive: 51.0 +/- 8.7 months [95% CI: 34.0-68.0 months]; P=0.004). HCCs with LFABP expression loss were more frequently larger and showed more frequent vascular invasion, although not statistically sig-nificant; and an inverse correlation was seen between LFABP expression and K19 expression status (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Loss of LFABP expression is seen in HCCs, and is associated with a decreased recurrence-free survival.

Overexpression of C-reactive Protein as a Poor Prognostic Marker of Resectable Hepatocellular Carcinomas

BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant synthesized in the liver. CRP immunoreactivity is a feature of inflammatory hepatocellular adenomas with a higher risk of malignant transformation. A high serum CRP level denotes poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. This study was conducted to determine whether CRP is produced in HCC and to assess the clinicopathologic significance of CRP expression in cancer cells. METHODS: CRP immunoreactivity was examined in treatment-naive HCCs (n=224) using tissue microarrays and was correlated with clinicopathologic parameters. The expression of CRP mRNA and protein was also assessed in 12 HCC cases by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Hep3B and SNU-449 HCC cell lines were used for the analysis of CRP mRNA regulation by interleukin 6 (IL-6). RESULTS: CRP was expressed in 133 of 224 HCCs (59.4%) with a variable degree of immunoreactivity (grade 1 in 25.9%; grade 2 in 20.1%; grade 3 in 13.4%). There was an inverse relationship between grade 3 CRP immunoreactivity and cancer-specific survival (p=.0047), while no associations were found with other parameters, including recurrence-free survival. The CRP mRNA expression level was significantly higher in CRP immunopositive cases than in immunonegative cases (p<.05). CRP mRNA expression was increased in Hep3B cells, but was not detected in SNU-449 cells even after IL-6 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We report the expression of CRP in HCC for the first time. CRP expression was associated with poor cancer-specific survival in patients with resectable HCC.

Adenomas hepatocelulares: hallazgos actuales en imágenes que permiten su caracterización y manejo / Hepatocellular Adenomas: Current Findings in Images Which Allow its Characterization and Management

Objetivos: El enfoque terapéutico de los adenomas ha cambiado en los últimos años, en especial por las posibilidades de caracterización por medio de las imágenes diagnósticas, principalmente la resonancia magnética (RM), que en la mayoría de los casos ha permitido una aproximación al tipo de adenoma. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura reciente con el fin de describir las características imagenológicas de los tipos de adenomas, en las diferentes técnicas de imágenes, con principal énfasis en los hallazgos imagenológicos en resonancia magnética, lo cual permite diferenciar entre los subtipos histológicos de adenomas y ayuda a orientar el manejo médico o quirúrgico. Resultados: En la literatura se describe la adenomatosis hepática como una entidad frecuente en mujeres, de características imagenológicas atípicas. Además, se mencionan las características de los hallazgos por RM y su correlación con los tipos de adenomas, variedad esteatósica, peliótica y mixta. Conclusión: De acuerdo con la clasificación basada en las características genéticas, histopatológicas e imagenológicas de los diferentes subtipos de AHC y según la sintomatología, se podría determinar la historia natural y definir el pronóstico y las opciones terapéuticas o de seguimiento imagenológico.

Objective: The therapeutic approach of adenomas has changed in recent years, especially because of the possibilities for characterization by means of diagnostic imaging methods, mainly magnetic resonance imaging, which allowed us, in most cases, to approach the type of adenoma. Methods: A review of the recent literature was conducted in order to describe the characteristic imaging features of the types of adenomas in the different imaging techniques, with an emphasis on MRI, which allows differentiation between histologic subtypes of adenomas. In addition, it also helps guide medical or surgical management. Results: In the literature, we described hepatic adenomatosis as an entity which is frequently found in women, with atypical imaging features. In addition, we mentioned the characteristics of MRI findings and their correlation with the types of adenomas, inflammatory, steatosic, ß-catenin mutated and mixed. Conclusion: According to the classification based on genetic, histopathological and imaging features of the different subtypes of AHC, we could determine the natural history, define prognosis and the therapeutic options or imaging follow-up.

Study on the morphological features, pathologic diagnosis and differential diagnosis of well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics of well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (WD-HCC), and to find clues for its pathologic diagnosis and differential diagnosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventy-three cases of WD-HCC were studied with clinical data analysis, gross and microscopic examination.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 73 cases, the prevalence of HBV (+) and/or HCV (+) was 94.5% (69/73), liver cirrhosis was 80.8% (59/73), increased hepatic cell density was 95.9% (70/73), dilated and irregular hepatic sinus was 89.0% (65/73), prominent trabecularism was 89.0% (65/73), increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia or basophilia was 90.4% (66/73), glandular-like structure was 16.4% (12/73, and fatty degeneration was 42.4% (31/73) .</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There are important clinicopathologic features associated with WD-HCC. These features are useful in the differential diagnosis of WD-HCC with dysplastic nodule (DN), focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and hepatocellular adenoma.</p>

Recurrence of Multiple Focal Nodular Hyperplasia in a Young Male Patient / 대한소화기학회지

Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is the second most common benign hepatic tumor that is usually found in women. Diagnosis of FNH mainly depends on imaging studies such as color Doppler flow imaging, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. It is characterized by the presence of stellate central scar and is nowadays incidentally diagnosed with increasing frequency due to advances in radiologic imaging technique. FNH typically presents as a single lesion in 70% of cases and generally does not progress to malignancy or recur after resection. Herein, we report a case of a young male patient with recurrent multiple FNH who underwent surgical resection for presumed hepatic adenoma on computed tomography.

Tratamento minimamente invasivo do adenoma hepático em situações especiais / Minimally invasive treatment of hepatic adenoma in special cases

O adenoma hepatocelular é um tumor benigno raro, que apresentou aumento do número de diagnósticos nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, o que foi atribuído à difusão dos contraceptivos hormonais orais, e à melhor disponibilização e ao avanço dos exames radiológicos. Apresentamos aqui o relato de dois pacientes com grandes adenomas hepáticos submetidos ao tratamento minimamente invasivo por meio de embolização arterial. O primeiro caso foi submetido à embolização eletiva, por apresentar múltiplos adenomas, além de hemorragia recente de um desses nódulos. O segundo, caracterizado por vítima de trauma abdominal fechado e rotura de adenoma hepático, foi realizado em caráter de urgência, tendo a paciente sinais clínicos de choque hemodinâmico secundário à hemorragia intra-abdominal. O desenvolvimento de terapias minimamente invasivas locorregionais, como a embolização arterial, trouxe um novo horizonte para pacientes com adenomas hepáticos. Na ressecção emergencial de um adenoma hepático roto, as taxas de mortalidade são de 5 a 10%, enquanto que a ressecção eletiva reduz a 1% esse desfecho. A embolização arterial dos adenomas hepáticos na vigência de hemorragia é tema de debate. Essa constatação aponta para um possível papel da embolização transarterial desses tumores rotos e não rotos, visto que tal conduta poderá limitar a indicação cirúrgica em casos selecionados, resultando na redução da morbimortalidade. O seguimento das pacientes tratadas foi realizado por meio de ressonância magnética e, após 30 dias, já havia diminuição das lesões embolizadas bem como a presença de significativo componente avascular. O controle radiológico, após 12 meses, mostrou ausência de novas lesões e diminuição daquelas embolizadas.

Hepatocellular adenoma is a rare benign tumor that was increasingly diagnosed in the 1980s and 1990s. This increase has been attributed to the widespread use of oral hormonal contraceptives and the broader availability and advances of radiological tests. We report two cases of patients with large hepatic adenomas who were subjected to minimally invasive treatment using arterial embolization. One case underwent elective embolization due to the presence of multiple adenomas and recent bleeding in one of the nodules. The second case was a victim of blunt abdominal trauma with rupture of a hepatic adenoma and clinical signs of hemodynamic shock secondary to intra-abdominal hemorrhage, which required urgent treatment. The development of minimally invasive locoregional treatments, such as arterial embolization, introduced novel approaches for the treatment of individuals with hepatic adenoma. The mortality rate of emergency resection of ruptured hepatic adenomas varies from 5 to 10%, but this rate decreases to 1% when resection is elective. Arterial embolization of hepatic adenomas in the presence of bleeding is a subject of debate. This observation suggests a role for transarterial embolization in the treatment of ruptured and non-ruptured adenomas, which might reduce the indication for surgery in selected cases and decrease morbidity and mortality. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a reduction of the embolized lesions and significant avascular component 30 days after treatment in the two cases in this report. No novel lesions were observed, and a reduction in the embolized lesions was demonstrated upon radiological assessment at a 12-month follow-up examination.

Tratamento cirúrgico do adenoma hepático roto: experiência de 17 anos / Surgical treatment of ruptured hepatocellular adenoma: 17 years of experience

Introdução: o adenoma hepático roto é uma complicação incomum, exigindo alta suspeita clínica devido ao risco que representa. Exige pronta investigação diagnóstica com exames radiológicos. Após reposição volêmica, seu tratamento pode envolver desde a embolização transarterial hepática até a cirurgia de urgência. Objetivo: analisar fatores de risco e o tratamento cirúrgico dos adenomas hepáticos com rotura detectados em nosso serviço. Método: foram avaliados retrospectivamente os prontuários de 28 pacientes com adenoma hepático operados no período de 1995 a 2012. Foram analisadas variáveis epidemiológicas e clínicas, os sinais de rotura foram categorizados como intraperitoneal ou subcapsular, o tumor classificado como único ou múltiplo. Foram avaliados o tempo cirúrgico e a perda sanguínea intraoperatória. Resultado: dos 28 casos, 3 (11%) estavam rotos. Os três eram do sexo feminino, apresentaram rotura espontânea e duas faziam uso de anticoncepcional oral. Não se observou sinal de malignização em nenhum. A idade média foi de 32 anos. Foi realizado tratamento cirúrgico por hepatectomia direita em todos. Dois apresentaram rotura intraperitoneal e subcapsular e uma subcapsular apenas. O tamanho médio das lesões foi de 10 cm, sendo que, em dois casos, era única, e em uma múltipla. Médias de sangramento foram de 1000 ml, transfusão de 4 concentrados de hemácias e tempo cirúrgico de 6 horas. Nenhuma das pacientes apresentava cirrose, consumia bebidas alcoólicas ou alteração significativa dos níveis das enzimas hepáticas. No pós-operatório, um paciente evolui com pneumonia e uma paciente apresentou insuficiência hepática, evoluindo a óbito. Conclusão: o adenoma hepatocelular roto é uma condição potencialmente ameaçadora à vida, associada em nossa amostra ao tamanho da lesão e ao uso de anticoncepcional oral. O tratamento cirúrgico está associado a ressecções hepáticas maiores, com necessidade de transfusão sanguínea. A experiência vivida em nosso centro demonstra que o uso da radiologia intervencionista possa ser um procedimento para reduzir esta mortalidade.

Background: spontaneous hepatic rupture is a rare clinical event that needs to be carefully evaluated due to the high risks involved. The diagnosis is often made after abdominal imaging. Volemic resuscitation, selective transarterial embolization or surgical resections have been used. Aim: the aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology, risk factors and treatment performed in our service. Methods: we reviewed the medical records of 28 patients from 1995 to 2012 with a diagnosis of hepatocellular adenoma. We analyzed epidemiology, clinics variables, the ruptured adenomas were divided into either intrahepatic hemorrhage or intraperitoneal bleeding categories. Results: three (11%) of the 28 patients had ruptured hepatocellular adenoma. These three patients were women, had spontaneous ruptures and a background of oral contraceptive use. The mean age was 32 years old. They were submitted to right hepatectomy; two were associated with intrahepatic and intraperitoneal hemorrhage while one had only intrahepatic bleeding and none had malignant transformation. The mean diameter of the lesion was 10cm, two was unique and one was multiple. The means of bleeding loss was 1000ml, surgical time of six hours and transfusion of four red blood cells bag. No one of the patients has cirrhosis, alcoholism or significant variation of liver enzymes profile. In the postoperative period one patient had pneumonia while another had hepatic insufficiency and died. Conclusion: spontaneous hepatic rupture is a potential hazard to patients associated with the size of the tumor and the potency of the oral contraceptive used. In this condition emergency surgery can be required leading to a major resection with accompanying blood transfusion. Our experience concluded that interventional radiology procedures can decrease mortality.

Lesiones focales hepáticas en niños / Focal liver lesions in children

Las lesiones focales del hígado comprenden un grupo heterogéneo de entidades como tumores benignos y malignos, sólidos o quistes, vasculares, masas inflamatorias y metástasis, entre otras. Reportar lesiones focales hepáticas en niños, características clínicas, estudios por imágenes y conducta terapéutica. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, basado en la revisión de 16 historias clínicas de niños con lesiones focales hepáticas en el periodo comprendido entre enero 2007 a enero 2012. Se excluyeron los abscesos hepáticos. El 68,75%11 eran del sexo masculino y 31,25%5 del sexo femenino; con edad promedio de 9,5 años (rango: 10 días - 14 años). Las lesiones focales benignas fueron: hemangioma 4/16 (25%), hematoma hepático 4/16 (25%), quiste hepático 3/16 (18,75%), hiperplasia nodular focal 1/16 (6,25%) adenoma 1/16 (6,25%) y las malignas: hepatocarcinoma 2/16 (12,50%) y hepatoblastoma 1/16 (6,25%). La mayoría de los pacientes (56,25%) se encontraban asintomáticos, 3/16 (18,75%) presentaron dolor abdominal, 3/16 (18,75%) masa palpable y 2/16 (12,5%) ictericia. La lesión fue identificada por ultrasonido abdominal en todos los pacientes y sólo el 56,25% (9/16) ameritaron tomografía con contraste. Al 43,75% (7/16) se les realizó marcadores tumorales y de estos el 42,85% (3/7) reportaron neoplasias. El funcionalismo hepático reportó normal en el 75% de los casos. El ultrasonido abdominal es el método de elección para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de las lesiones focales hepáticas, mientras el origen de las mismas, guía la conducta terapéutica

Focal liver lesions comprise a heterogeneous group of entities such as benign and malignant, solid or cysts, vascular, inflammatory masses and metastasis among others. To report focal liver lesions in children, clinical features, imaging and therapeutic behavior. A descriptive, retrospective study based on a review of 16 case histories of children with focal liver lesions in the period from January 2007 to January 2012. Liver abscesses were excluded. 68.75%11 were male and 31.25%5 females, mean age 9.5 years (range: 10 days - 14 years). Focal lesions were benign: Hemangioma 4/16 (25%), liver hematoma 4/16 (25%), hepatic cyst 3/16 (18.75%), nodular focal hyperplasia 1/16 (6.25%) and adenomas 1/16 (6.25%) and malignant: Hepatocellular carcinoma 2/16 (12.50%) and hepatoblastoma 1/16 (6.25%). Most patients (56.25%) were asymptomatic, 3/16 (18.75%) had abdominal pain, 3/16 (18.75%) and palpable mass 2/16 (12.5%) jaundice. The lesion was identified by abdominal ultrasound in all patients and only 56.25% (9/16) needed tomography with contrast. To 43.75% (7/16) underwent tumor markers and of these 42.85% (3/7) reported neoplasm. Normal hepatic function reported in 75% of cases. An abdominal ultrasound is the method of choice for the diagnosis and management of focal liver lesions, while the origin of them, guide therapeutic conduct